#### Beyond Linux® From Scratch (System V Edition) - Version 12.3

### Chapter 5. File Systems and Disk Management

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# About RAID

The storage technology known as RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) combines multiple physical disks into a logical unit. The drives can generally be combined to provide data redundancy or to extend the size of logical units beyond the capability of the physical disks or both. The technology also allows for providing hardware maintenance without powering down the system.

The types of RAID organization are described in the RAID Wiki.

Note that while RAID provides protection against disk failures, it is not a substitute for backups. A file deleted is still deleted on all the disks of a RAID array. Modern backups are generally done via rsync-3.4.1.

There are three major types of RAID implementation: Hardware RAID, BIOS-based RAID, and Software RAID.

## Hardware RAID

Hardware based RAID provides capability through proprietary hardware and data layouts. The control and configuration is generally done via firmware in conjunction with executable programs made available by the device manufacturer. The capabilities are generally supplied via a PCI card, although there are some instances of RAID components integrated in to the motherboard. Hardware RAID may also be available in a stand-alone enclosure.

One advantage of hardware-based RAID is that the drives are offered to the operating system as a logical drive and no operating system dependent configuration is needed.

Disadvantages include difficulties in transferring drives from one system to another, updating firmware, or replacing failed RAID hardware.

## BIOS-based RAID

Some computers offer a hardware-like RAID implementation in the system BIOS. Sometime this is referred to as 'fake' RAID as the capabilities are generally incorporated into firmware without any hardware acceleration.

The advantages and disadvantages of BIOS-based RAID are generally the same as hardware RAID with the additional disadvantage that there is no hardware acceleration.

In some cases, BIOS-based RAID firmware is enabled by default (e.g. some DELL systems). If software RAID is desired, this option must be explicitly disabled in the BIOS.

## Software RAID

Software based RAID is the most flexible form of RAID. It is easy to install and update and provides full capability on all or part of any drives available to the system. In BLFS, the RAID software is found in mdadm-4.3.

Configuring a RAID device is straightforward using mdadm. Generally devices are created in the `/dev` directory as `/dev/mdx` where x is an integer.

The first step in creating a RAID array is to use partitioning software such as `fdisk` or parted-3.6 to define the partitions needed for the array. Usually, there will be one partition on each drive participating in the RAID array, but that is not strictly necessary. For this example, there will be four disk drives: `/dev/sda`, `/dev/sdb`, `/dev/sdc`, and `/dev/sdd`. They will be partitioned as follows:

    Partition Size     Type                Use
    sda1:     100 MB   fd Linux raid auto  /boot    (RAID 1) /dev/md0
    sda2:      10 GB   fd Linux raid auto  /        (RAID 1) /dev/md1
    sda3:       2 GB   83 Linux swap       swap
    sda4      300 GB   fd Linux raid auto  /home    (RAID 5) /dev/md2

    sdb1:     100 MB   fd Linux raid auto  /boot    (RAID 1) /dev/md0
    sdb2:      10 GB   fd Linux raid auto  /        (RAID 1) /dev/md1
    sdb3:       2 GB   83 Linux swap       swap
    sdb4      300 GB   fd Linux raid auto  /home    (RAID 5) /dev/md2

    sdc1:      12 GB   fd Linux raid auto  /usr/src (RAID 0) /dev/md3
    sdc2:     300 GB   fd Linux raid auto  /home    (RAID 5) /dev/md2

    sdd1:      12 GB   fd Linux raid auto  /usr/src (RAID 0) /dev/md3
    sdd2:     300 GB   fd Linux raid auto  /home    (RAID 5) /dev/md2

In this arrangement, a separate boot partition is created as the first small RAID array and a root filesystem as the secong RAID array, both mirrored. The third partition is a large (about 1TB) array for the `/home` directory. This provides an ability to stripe data across multiple devices, improving speed for both reading and writing large files. Finally, a fourth array is created that concatenates two partitions into a larger device.

### Note

All mdadm commands must be run as the `root` user.

To create these RAID arrays the commands are:

    /sbin/mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1
    /sbin/mdadm -Cv /dev/md1 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb2
    /sbin/mdadm -Cv /dev/md3 --level=0 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
    /sbin/mdadm -Cv /dev/md2 --level=5 --raid-devices=4 \
            /dev/sda4 /dev/sdb4 /dev/sdc2 /dev/sdd2

The devices created can be examined by device. For example, to see the details of `/dev/md1`, use `/sbin/mdadm --detail /dev/md1`:

            Version : 1.2
      Creation Time : Tue Feb  7 17:08:45 2012
         Raid Level : raid1
         Array Size : 10484664 (10.00 GiB 10.74 GB)
      Used Dev Size : 10484664 (10.00 GiB 10.74 GB)
       Raid Devices : 2
      Total Devices : 2
        Persistence : Superblock is persistent

        Update Time : Tue Feb  7 23:11:53 2012
              State : clean
     Active Devices : 2
    Working Devices : 2
     Failed Devices : 0
      Spare Devices : 0

               Name : core2-blfs:0  (local to host core2-blfs)
               UUID : fcb944a4:9054aeb2:d987d8fe:a89121f8
             Events : 17

        Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
           0       8        1        0      active sync   /dev/sda1
           1       8       17        1      active sync   /dev/sdb1

From this point, the partitions can be formatted with the filesystem of choice (e.g. ext3, ext4, xfsprogs-6.13.0, etc). The formatted partitions can then be mounted. The `/etc/fstab` file can use the devices created for mounting at boot time and the linux command line in `/boot/grub/grub.cfg` can specify `root=/dev/md1`.

### Note

The swap devices should be specified in the `/etc/fstab` file as normal. The kernel normally stripes swap data across multiple swap files and should not be made part of a RAID array.

For further options and management details of RAID devices, refer to `man mdadm`.

Additional details for monitoring RAID arrays and dealing with problems can be found at the Linux RAID Wiki.

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