# The Netwide Assembler: NASM

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## Chapter 12: Troubleshooting

This chapter describes some of the common problems that users have been known to encounter with NASM, and answers them. It also gives instructions for reporting bugs in NASM if you find a difficulty that isn't listed here.

### 12.1 Common Problems

#### 12.1.1 NASM Generates Inefficient Code

We sometimes get `bug' reports about NASM generating inefficient, or even `wrong', code on instructions such as `ADD ESP,8`. This is a deliberate design feature, connected to predictability of output: NASM, on seeing `ADD ESP,8`, will generate the form of the instruction which leaves room for a 32-bit offset. You need to code `ADD ESP,BYTE 8` if you want the space-efficient form of the instruction. This isn't a bug, it's user error: if you prefer to have NASM produce the more efficient code automatically enable optimization with the `-O` option (see section 2.1.22).

#### 12.1.2 My Jumps are Out of Range

Similarly, people complain that when they issue conditional jumps (which are `SHORT` by default) that try to jump too far, NASM reports `short jump out of range' instead of making the jumps longer.

This, again, is partly a predictability issue, but in fact has a more practical reason as well. NASM has no means of being told what type of processor the code it is generating will be run on; so it cannot decide for itself that it should generate `Jcc NEAR` type instructions, because it doesn't know that it's working for a 386 or above. Alternatively, it could replace the out-of-range short `JNE` instruction with a very short `JE` instruction that jumps over a `JMP NEAR`; this is a sensible solution for processors below a 386, but hardly efficient on processors which have good branch prediction and could have used `JNE NEAR` instead. So, once again, it's up to the user, not the assembler, to decide what instructions should be generated. See section 2.1.22.

#### 12.1.3 `ORG` Doesn't Work

People writing boot sector programs in the `bin` format often complain that `ORG` doesn't work the way they'd like: in order to place the `0xAA55` signature word at the end of a 512-byte boot sector, people who are used to MASM tend to code

            ORG 0

            ; some boot sector code

            ORG 510
            DW 0xAA55

This is not the intended use of the `ORG` directive in NASM, and will not work. The correct way to solve this problem in NASM is to use the `TIMES` directive, like this:

            ORG 0

            ; some boot sector code

            TIMES 510-($-$$) DB 0
            DW 0xAA55

The `TIMES` directive will insert exactly enough zero bytes into the output to move the assembly point up to 510. This method also has the advantage that if you accidentally fill your boot sector too full, NASM will catch the problem at assembly time and report it, so you won't end up with a boot sector that you have to disassemble to find out what's wrong with it.

#### 12.1.4 `TIMES` Doesn't Work

The other common problem with the above code is people who write the `TIMES` line as

            TIMES 510-$ DB 0

by reasoning that `$` should be a pure number, just like 510, so the difference between them is also a pure number and can happily be fed to `TIMES`.

NASM is a modular assembler: the various component parts are designed to be easily separable for re-use, so they don't exchange information unnecessarily. In consequence, the `bin` output format, even though it has been told by the `ORG` directive that the `.text` section should start at 0, does not pass that information back to the expression evaluator. So from the evaluator's point of view, `$` isn't a pure number: it's an offset from a section base. Therefore the difference between `$` and 510 is also not a pure number, but involves a section base. Values involving section bases cannot be passed as arguments to `TIMES`.

The solution, as in the previous section, is to code the `TIMES` line in the form

            TIMES 510-($-$$) DB 0

in which `$` and `$$` are offsets from the same section base, and so their difference is a pure number. This will solve the problem and generate sensible code.

### 12.2 Bugs

We have never yet released a version of NASM with any known bugs. That doesn't usually stop there being plenty we didn't know about, though. Any that you find should be reported firstly via the `bugtracker` at `http://www.nasm.us/` (click on "Bug Tracker"), or if that fails then through one of the contacts in section 1.2.

Please read section 2.2 first, and don't report the bug if it's listed in there as a deliberate feature. (If you think the feature is badly thought out, feel free to send us reasons why you think it should be changed, but don't just send us mail saying `This is a bug' if the documentation says we did it on purpose.) Then read section 12.1, and don't bother reporting the bug if it's listed there.

If you do report a bug, please give us all of the following information:

- What operating system you're running NASM under. DOS, Linux, NetBSD, Win16, Win32, VMS (I'd be impressed), whatever.
- If you're running NASM under DOS or Win32, tell us whether you've compiled your own executable from the DOS source archive, or whether you were using the standard distribution binaries out of the archive. If you were using a locally built executable, try to reproduce the problem using one of the standard binaries, as this will make it easier for us to reproduce your problem prior to fixing it.
- Which version of NASM you're using, and exactly how you invoked it. Give us the precise command line, and the contents of the `NASMENV` environment variable if any.
- Which versions of any supplementary programs you're using, and how you invoked them. If the problem only becomes visible at link time, tell us what linker you're using, what version of it you've got, and the exact linker command line. If the problem involves linking against object files generated by a compiler, tell us what compiler, what version, and what command line or options you used. (If you're compiling in an IDE, please try to reproduce the problem with the command-line version of the compiler.)
- If at all possible, send us a NASM source file which exhibits the problem. If this causes copyright problems (e.g. you can only reproduce the bug in restricted-distribution code) then bear in mind the following two points: firstly, we guarantee that any source code sent to us for the purposes of debugging NASM will be used only for the purposes of debugging NASM, and that we will delete all our copies of it as soon as we have found and fixed the bug or bugs in question; and secondly, we would prefer not to be mailed large chunks of code anyway. The smaller the file, the better. A three-line sample file that does nothing useful except demonstrate the problem is much easier to work with than a fully fledged ten-thousand-line program. (Of course, some errors do only crop up in large files, so this may not be possible.)
- A description of what the problem actually is. `It doesn't work' is not a helpful description! Please describe exactly what is happening that shouldn't be, or what isn't happening that should. Examples might be: `NASM generates an error message saying Line 3 for an error that's actually on Line 5'; `NASM generates an error message that I believe it shouldn't be generating at all'; `NASM fails to generate an error message that I believe it should be generating'; `the object file produced from this source code crashes my linker'; `the ninth byte of the output file is 66 and I think it should be 77 instead'.
- If you believe the output file from NASM to be faulty, send it to us. That allows us to determine whether our own copy of NASM generates the same file, or whether the problem is related to portability issues between our development platforms and yours. We can handle binary files mailed to us as MIME attachments, uuencoded, and even BinHex. Alternatively, we may be able to provide an FTP site you can upload the suspect files to; but mailing them is easier for us.
- Any other information or data files that might be helpful. If, for example, the problem involves NASM failing to generate an object file while TASM can generate an equivalent file without trouble, then send us both object files, so we can see what TASM is doing differently from us.

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